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[Music]

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[Applause]

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good morning my name is Tai Casas I'm

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here from Pasadena on behalf of honeybee

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robotics the exploration technologies

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group chrissa's in Greenland so I'm

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doing the talk instead of him so today

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I'm going to be talking to you about a

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conceptual design of a probe for

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penetrating through Europa's crust this

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is an exercise in architecting a

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solution that is just out of reach of

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current technologies and but but those

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technologies are just on the horizon so

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it allows us to look ahead and sort of

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direct our development efforts as we

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move forward so here you can see a

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section view of this conceptual vehicle

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it is literally built around the probe

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the probe is a 5 meter long 60

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centimeter diameter self-contained

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vehicle essentially for going through

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the 15 kilometers of ice the fundamental

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approach is a thermal mechanical

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approach for drilling through the crust

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of the the crust of the surface so about

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that crust as you guys all know because

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you're in the ocean world's technology

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section there are three different layers

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the brittle layer the ductile layer and

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the ocean and while we don't really know

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how thick the ice is exactly and it

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varies over the surface we estimate

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about 15 kilometers although it could be

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as much as about 40 kilometers thick of

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ice so there are some considerable

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challenges with getting through this ice

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crust as you can imagine the first one

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being how the heck do you even get

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through 15 kilometers of ice I don't

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know if I drill long enough to do that

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and then also how do you power the probe

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as it's going through the ice how do you

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make sure that it has energy as it

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drills and then finally how do you

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communicate with it on its journey so

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how do you make sure that you can get

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telemetry back and get science back etc

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so this talk is going to be focused on

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how to penetrate through or a drilling

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and sampling company so this is sort of

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our core competency but yeah so let's

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start with a couple different deep

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drilling approaches this is a pretty

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dense chart but I'm gonna have you focus

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on slush which is obviously the subject

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of my presentation it combines some of

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the pros of the two main different types

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of penetrating through ice mechanical

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which is drilling like you have at your

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household drill and thermal

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which is basically taking something

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super hot and just pushing it through

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the ice so the the sort of issues with

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thermal of having trouble penetrating

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through things that it can't melt

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through obviously are of concern because

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there are salts in the ice there are

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salt layers we may come across like

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different sedimentation stuff like that

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but it's really robust and it's nice

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because you don't have a lot of moving

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parts whereas on the mechanical side you

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have a lot of moving parts you need

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rotary percussive we're talking about

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drilling for something like three years

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so you need a system that's like pretty

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last for a pretty long time and what we

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tried to do was take some of the things

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from the best of both worlds and combine

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them into a single architecture so we

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approach this by doing sort of a

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scaled-down version of the probe testing

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this is a picture of the instrumented

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drilling testbed that we use you may

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recognize that drill from an early as an

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earlier TRL version of the Arad's drill

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that's popped up in a couple other

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posters around here and essentially we

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designed a probe that is about 18 mean

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18 inches long the first four inches of

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which is a rotating drill bit with an

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auger and then the last 14 inches is the

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cylinder behind it is on bearing so that

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it doesn't rotate through the ice so the

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idea is that simulates the sort of

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rotating cutting head at the front of

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the probe and the stationary body that

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holds things like avionics and the

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tether and whatnot that follows behind

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I'm going to show you two videos I just

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learned that actually I rotated the

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videos the wrong direction so they're

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gonna pop up sideways but bear with me

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here um on the left is a video of yeah

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that's that's a that's one way of doing

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it on the left is a video of sloshing

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through ice at 240 C 240 Kelvin scuse me

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it is just water ice this is how we sort

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of did a lot of our baseline tests I'm

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going to replay that for you and what I

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want you to know is how watery it is so

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this is sort of a flushing approach that

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favors the thermal side of things so

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when you're actually melting most of the

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chips that you generate this is nice

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because it handles the chip transport

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issues that you have when you have to

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like actively move dried chips from the

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front to the back of the probe and

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recompress them but it's obviously not

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very energy-efficient because you're

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just melting

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in the same way that you would with a

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mel probe so this other video also

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sideways is a much better balanced

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version of the thermal and mechanical

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power so you're only partially melting

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the chips so it helps facilitate the

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transport along the probe you actually

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can take advantage of the environmental

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conditions to refreeze to the same

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density behind you so you don't get

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stuck however you don't use nearly as

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much energy to actually get through all

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of the all of the material so sort of at

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a high level um we wanted to do

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apples-to-apples testing saying what is

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the difference between just melting

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flushing with a more optimized system

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and just drilling so you can see the

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difference in the kind of chips that we

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make on the left you can see the big

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puddle of water that comes from just

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melting so this was turning on heat on

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the drill not rotating in the center is

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the combination from a reasonably well

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balanced slushing just and on the right

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is a pure drilling test so drilling as

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you would normally with no he you can

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see how powdery those cuttings are how

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they bind up actually that caused us to

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get stuck only shortly after the probe

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body entered the ice because we weren't

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actively transporting chips that's sort

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of what we anticipated and the problem

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we're trying to solve with the solution

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so this is a chart that summarizes the

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testing that we've done so far so each

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of these groups of three bars represents

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a different method the bar on the left

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is the specific energy which is

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essentially how much energy per cc you

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need to excavate some of the ice the bar

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in the middle is the power so the power

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consumption and then on the right is our

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AP or rate of penetration so you can see

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that to draw your attention to the

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leftmost bars first we're looking at

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approximately an order of magnitude

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difference between the specific energies

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of melting slushing and drilling note

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that the y-axis on the left is

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logarithmic and the y-axis on the right

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is linear it was the best way of

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condensing us into one chart so you can

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see the sort of order of magnitude

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differences in the specific energy but

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you also will notice how the power

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difference between melting and slushing

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really isn't all that different so why

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is that how can we have such lower power

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I'm coming up such lower energy than we

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can that when we're using some more

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power it's because we go way faster so

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we were penetrating through ice maybe

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five to 10 times faster because we have

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this active drilling approach so we just

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need less energy overall

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and you can see that on the right the

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drilling specific energy is even lower

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by about another order of magnitude and

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it's because we can go super super fast

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when the whole drill is spinning so when

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the whole probe is turning in ice and

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excavating chips we can move really

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quick but the issue of course is you can

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tell by the Asterix next to drilling

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the issue of course is that we don't

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handle the chips so once you create all

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this fluffy powder there's like what we

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call a fluff factor basically how much

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more the volume of the Powder consumes

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than the actual bulk material and it's

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bigger I mean powders fluffier than ice

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so you need to make sure that behind the

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probe when these chips move past you

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your recompressing to the same density

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or you basically get stuck and so we saw

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the slushing as a nice sort of balance

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between both the approaches of thermal

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and mechanical drilling as well as the

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power consumptions between the two of

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them so this is a sort of section view

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of the probe at a very high level I'm

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just going to point out a couple things

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the bottom of the probe in the hot

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section is what it is where we have a

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killer power reactor baselined for the

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baseline for the mission the rear part

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where the avionics and tether and

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batteries live is cold they're separated

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by a radiation shield you can see that

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we also have these detachable tether

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spools with wireless communication at

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the back of the probe so the idea is

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that if we come across as we're spooling

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out if we come across something like a

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water body or whatever we can detach and

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use acoustic or RF instead of sorry we

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can use acoustic instead of just a

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tether to sort of make it across and

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that way if we see like shifting of the

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ice crust or something like that we can

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screw leave a tether where it is use

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wireless to jump between two repeaters

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but since that's not the point of my

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talk right now I'm going to jump into a

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little promo video that we made to try

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and get people excited about this

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[Music]

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and then finally the reason I'm up here

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and Chris isn't is because he is

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currently in Greenland testing a

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prototype of the slush system so this is

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a version of it that's actually a coring

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drill instead of a full slushing so it's

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pure mechanical and they're removing the

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cores every time they drill down the

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certain depth I'm so slightly different

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architecture but the self-contained

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probe idea and a lot of the technologies

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are pretty analogous and they drilled on

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June 14th actually just the other day

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they made it down to 111 meters deep in

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in Greenland ice and this is them on the

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bottom righthand celebrating with a hot

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toddy made with some old ice cores so in

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conclusion so in conclusion there is a

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bunch of reasons why mechanical and

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thermal have advantages in terms of

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robustness and in terms of complexity

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and in terms of the materials that they

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can cut through but we really think that

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moving forward with slush is a good is a

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good is a good high-level approach as we

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start to conceptualize what a probe that

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would be able to go through 15

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kilometers of cryogenic and warm ice on

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Europa would actually have to look like

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so with that I'd like to open it up to

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any questions thanks Dino we've got a

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time for a question if you want to come

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to the microphone we did it in about I

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think it was 5 days from when we started

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drilling I don't think they were working

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24/7 though so I can't actually tell you

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what difference is would it make when

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you operate in vacuum this is the bottom

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line

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ah that's a really good question so at

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the surface obviously the whole starting

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is of challenge because you sublimate

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all everything that you know and on

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Europa that would mean that we have to

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before we can start slushing and sort of

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make taking advantage of this transport

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method we would have to get fully buried

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and ice so you would have to have the

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top of the borehole crl over us

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essentially once we're inside that's a

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challenge that we are looking into right

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now actually with these slush prototypes

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we are trying to figure out do some

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testing in our Mars chamber we have this

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like cool like five meter chamber and

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we're gonna pump it down and see what

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happens when you start when you start

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drilling there's also a lot of

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challenges with a hole starting in terms

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of thermal management and how you make

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sure that you're actually directing as

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much of the heat into the ice as

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possible instead of just radiating out

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the sides yeah last question do you need

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to drill with the gravity vector or can

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you drill up like to these technology

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require the weight of the trailer um

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that's also a very good question so this

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the technology this technology requires

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the gravity vector because we don't have

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active transport in Lachie however these

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anti torque features these anti torque

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blades that I talked about that sort of

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a counteract the rotational forces of

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the auger um can be active as well as

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passive and so for example the drill

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that we just tested in Greenland has an

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active feed stage so while we can't

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steer so maybe looping around would be

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pretty difficult if we started upside

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down there isn't a reason that we

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wouldn't be able to just lift ourselves

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forward essentially it depends on

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whether or not the anti torque features

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glide in rails so you're just leaning

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forward on the bit or whether or not

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you're actually actively engaging with

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the borehole walls and stabilizing

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yourself to push forward all right let's

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think tie for a great presentation